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Pileated woodpecker

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Pileated woodpecker
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–present
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Male
Female

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Genus: Dryocopus
Species:
D. pileatus
Binomial name
Dryocopus pileatus
The range includes the United States, east of the Mississippi river, most of lower of Canada, extending up into the Northern Rocky Mountains, and down the Pacific Coast into central California
Approximate distribution map
  Year-round
Synonyms
  • Picus pileatus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Hylatomus pileatus Linnaeus, 1758

The pileated woodpecker (/ˈpaɪlieɪtəd, ˈpɪl-/ PY-lee-ay-tid, PIL-ee-; Dryocopus pileatus) is a large, crow-sized woodpecker[3] with a prominent red crest, white neck stripe, and a mostly black body. These woodpeckers are native to North America, where it is the largest confirmed extant woodpecker species, and they are the third largest extant species of woodpecker in the world, after the great slaty woodpecker and the black woodpecker. It inhabits deciduous forests in eastern North America, the Great Lakes, the boreal forests of Canada, and parts of the Pacific Coast.The woodpecker is primarily an insectivore and eats insects that live in trees. Pileatids are famous for making large, nearly rectangular carvings into trees, which they either used to extract prey inside the tree or to make a nest. They are a species with a large range and an increasing population, causing them to be categorized as a species of "least concern" by the IUCN in 2016.[4]

Taxonomy

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Southern Pileated Woodpecker after John White, 1585.

The English naturalist Mark Catesby described and illustrated the pileated woodpecker in his book The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the English name "The larger red-crested Wood-pecker" and the Latin Picus niger maximus capite rubro.[5] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he included the pileated woodpecker, coined the binomial name Picus pileatus and cited Catesby's book.[6] The specific epithet pileatus is a Latin word meaning "-capped".[7] The type locality is South Carolina.[8] The pileated woodpecker is now one of six species that the International Ornithological Committee and the Clements taxonomy place in genus Dryocopus. The North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society concurs for the pileated and lineated woodpeckers, the only two of the six that occur in Central and North America.[9][10][11] However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) places the pileated and several others in genus Hylatomus.[12] Genus Dryocopus was introduced by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie in 1826.[13][9]

Two subspecies are recognized:[9]

  • Northern Pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus abieticola).[14] It was observed by Outram Bangs in 1898 that there were enough morphological differences between the two types of pileated woodpeckers to classify the northern pileated woodpecker as its own subspecies.[14] They are found in southern Canada south through the western, north-central and northeastern United States.
  • Southern Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus pileatus).[6] They are found in the southeastern United States.

Description

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Plate 111 of the Birds of America by John James Audubon, depicting pileated woodpeckers (1 ♀, 3 ♂♂)

Pileated woodpeckers are mainly black with a red crest and have a white line down the sides of the throat. Adult males have a red line from the bill to the throat; in adult females these are black. They also have white wing feathers that show when in flight. Adults are 40 to 49 cm (16 to 19 in) long, span 66 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in) across the wings, and weigh 225 to 400 g (7.9 to 14.1 oz). The average weight of females and males combined is about 277 g (9.8 oz), with males weighing about 300 g (11 oz) and females weighing about 256 g (9.0 oz) in mean body mass. The wing chord measures 21.4 to 25.3 cm (8.4 to 10.0 in), the tail measures 14.0 to 17.4 cm (5.5 to 6.9 in), the bill is 4.1 to 6.0 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) and the tarsus measures 3.1 to 3.8 cm (1.2 to 1.5 in).[15][16][17]

Southern pileated woodpeckers have ebony feathers, less white on the feathers by the wings, and smaller in overall size compared to their northern counterparts.[18]

Northern pileated woodpeckers are a larger in wing, tail, and beak size.[16][18] They also have feathers that are a lighter black with tinges of brown and gray and whiter feathers on their flanks.[18]

Juvenile pileated woodpeckers tend to have less curved crests, or "mohawks" as some refer to them. The flight of these birds is strong and direct, but undulates in the way characteristic of woodpeckers. Adult males have a red line from the bill to the throat; in adult females these are black.[19] Two species found in the Old World, the white-bellied woodpecker (D. javensis) and black woodpeckers (D. martius), are closely related and occupy the same ecological niche in their respective ranges that the pileated occupies in North America.[15] The only North American birds of similar plumage and size are the ivory-billed woodpecker of the southeastern United States and Cuba, and the related imperial woodpecker of Mexico.

Distribution and habitat

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The pileated woodpecker's breeding habitat is forested areas across Canada, the eastern United States, and parts of the Pacific Coast. This bird favors mature forests and heavily wooded parks. They specifically prefer mesic habitats with large, mature hardwood trees, often being found in large tracts of forest. However, they also inhabit smaller woodlots as long as they have a scattering of tall trees. The pileated woodpecker population shrank drastically in the 1700s and 1800s due to habitat loss, but they have since made a nice recovery.[3] Pileated woodpeckers are believed to be essential in their habitat for many reasons, such as providing nest cavities for other species due to their tree carvings, controlling some insect populations, and by breaking off bits of dying trees so that they can degrade faster.[16]

Pileated woodpeckers mainly eat insects, especially carpenter ants and wood-boring beetle larvae. They are also known to eat fruits, nuts, and berries, including those found on poison ivy.[20]

Behavior

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Male drilling

Foraging

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Pileated woodpeckers often chip out large and roughly rectangular holes in trees while searching out insects, especially ant colonies.[19] They also lap up ants by reaching with their long tongues into crevices. They are self-assured on the vertical surfaces of large trees but can seem awkward while eating fruits and berries on small branches and vines. They may also forage on or near the ground, especially around fallen, dead trees, which can contain a variety of insect life. This foraging technique is especially common after a forest fire, where pileated woodpeckers have been seen to flock to the downed trees in search of insects that tried to take refuge in them.[21] They may also forage around the sides of human homes, cars, and suet-type feeders. Although they are less likely feeder visitors than smaller woodpeckers, pileateds may regularly be attracted to them in areas experiencing harsh winter conditions.

Breeding behavior

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Pileated woodpeckers engage in many courtship displays such as drumming, bill waving and "woick" calls to try to get a mate or to communicate with a pre-existing one.[22] Once the birds have found a mate, they typically stay together for life.[16] The pileated woodpecker can nest in boxes about 4.6 m (15 ft) off the ground, but usually, pileated woodpeckers excavate their large nests in the cavities of dead trees. Woodpeckers make such large holes in dead trees that the holes can cause a small tree to break in half. The nesting holes are mostly made by the male, but the female is involved in assisting the male during this process.[23] In early spring, the woodpecker pair begins to make the hole, and work continues on it throughout the season.[24] The cavity is unlined except for wood chips. During the process of picking the nest site and making the hole, the pair uses tapping as a primary form of communication.[25] Sometimes, pileated woodpeckers start making a nest, then abandon it and build a new nest elsewhere, but this spot can be revisited in the future to finish creating the nest[16]. Pileated woodpeckers may also move to another site if any eggs have fallen out of the nest—a rare habit in birds. Once the nest is complete and the female lays her 3-5 eggs in late spring[26], both parents incubate them for 12 to 16 days. The average clutch size is four per nest. The young may take a month to fledge.[27] Once the brood is raised, the birds abandon the hole and do not use it as a nesting site the next year, especially since most nesting sites are built in places structurally unfit for another breeding season[16]. Old nesting sites may be used as roosting holes by pileated woodpeckers and can be expanded throughout the years.[28] However, if this does not happen, these holes—made similarly by all woodpeckers—provide good homes in future years for many forest songbirds and a wide variety of other animals. Owls and tree-nesting ducks may largely rely on holes made by pileateds to lay their nests. Even mammals such as raccoons may use them. Other woodpeckers and smaller birds, such as wrens, may be attracted to pileated holes to feed on the insects found in them. Ecologically, the entire woodpecker family is important to the well-being of many other bird species.

call
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Territorial behavior

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display drum (a short burst of 10 taps)
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A pileated woodpecker pair stays together on its territory all year round and is not migratory. They defend the territory in all seasons, but tolerate floaters during the winter.[29] When defending their nest from either rival Pileateds or from other species, the female is more involved.[25] When clashing with conspecifics, they engage in wing and crest intimidation displays, chasing, high-pitched calling, striking with the wings, and jabbing with the bill.[22] Drumming is used to proclaim territory, and they often do this on hollow trees to make the most resonant sound possible. The pattern is typically a fairly slow, deep rolling that lasts about three seconds.[30]

Predation

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Predators at the nest can include American and Pacific martens, weasels, squirrels, rat snakes, and gray foxes. These predators usually wait for the woodpeckers to leave the nest and attack the nestlings or try to trap the birds and/or the nestlings in the nest.[31] The woodpecker usually uses intimidation displays involving rapid head motions and wing flapping, and if those failed, they would try to strike the attacker with its bill.[32] The woodpecker may choose to relocate the nest after an encounter like this to avoid repeat attacks from the same predator.[33]

Free-flying adults have fewer predators, but can be taken in some numbers by Cooper's hawks, northern goshawks, red-shouldered hawks, red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, bald eagles, golden eagles and barred owls.[34] These birds of prey attempt to ambush the woodpecker mid-flight to catch it by surprise and to minimize the threat of being hit by the woodpecker's powerful bill.[16] In response to birds of prey sightings, the woodpeckers ascend the tree trunk for a better view and use "cuk" calls both as an alarm call and as a potential distraction to the attacker.[35] Additionally, the woodpecker can fly in unpredictable patterns to evade capture, or they can use their beak to fend off these birds.[16]

Status

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The pileated woodpecker occupies an extensive range and is quite adaptable. Its ability to survive in many wooded habitat types, such as suburban areas with lots of trees and/or parks,[36] has allowed the species to survive human habitation of North America and contradicts the original belief that these woodpeckers needed large swaths of forests to survive. Additionally, efforts to restore woodland by removing invasive honeysuckle and buckthorn seem to benefit them, as the removal of brush and shrubbery facilitates their foraging on the ground and in the lower stratum.[37] Overall, pileated woodpeckers have a large population size, with 2.6 million estimated to be living in North America, but this number is growing.[3] From 1966 to 2015 the population of pileated woodpecker has, on average, increased by greater than 1.5% per year throughout the northeastern U.S., the Maritimes, the Ohio River Valley, and around the Great Lakes.[38] Despite being nonmigratory, they are protected under the U.S. Migratory Bird Act. While the large birds control many insect populations, especially tree beetles, that may otherwise experience outbreaks, some people may consider them harmful if found on their property due to the considerable damage that pileated woodpeckers can do to trees and homes.[39] Additionally, they have also been seen making nesting holes in newly placed telephone poles, which often causes significant structural damage to the poles, prompting investments in strategies to mitigate woodpecker damage.[28]



Cultural references

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Cartoonist Walter Lantz is believed to have based the appearance of his creation Woody Woodpecker on the pileated woodpecker; while patterning the call on the acorn woodpecker.[40][41]

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  • Male on a platform feeder
    Male on a platform feeder
  • Adult female at an ant-infested log
    Adult female at an ant-infested log
  • Mating pair
    Mating pair
  • Male eating suet
  • Female chicks peeking from nest cavity
    Female chicks peeking from nest cavity
  • Male in flight
    Male in flight
  • Damage to a tree by a pileated woodpecker searching for bugs, a cavity roughly 3' tall, 4-6" wide, and 8" deep (90‍×‍10-15‍×‍20 cm)
    Damage to a tree by a pileated woodpecker searching for bugs, a cavity roughly 3' tall, 4-6" wide, and 8" deep (90‍×‍10-15‍×‍20 cm)
  • Female, Glastonbury, CT USA
    Female, Glastonbury, CT USA

See also

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References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hylatomus pileatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681363A92903232. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681363A92903232.en. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  2. ^ "Dryocopus pileatus". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Pileated Woodpecker | Audubon Field Guide". www.audubon.org. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  4. ^ BirdLife International (BirdLife International) (2016-10-01). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hylatomus pileatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2025-01-23.
  5. ^ Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 17, Plate 17.
  6. ^ a b Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 113.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 154.
  9. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  10. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  11. ^ Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa
  12. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  13. ^ Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht". Isis von Oken (in German). 19. Col 977.
  14. ^ a b Bangs, Outram (1898). "Some New Races of Birds from Eastern North America" (PDF). Auk. 15: 176–177 – via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive.
  15. ^ a b Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World by Hans Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney. Houghton Mifflin (1995), ISBN 978-0395720431
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Bull, E. L. and J. A. Jackson (2020). Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pilwoo.01
  17. ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  18. ^ a b c Bangs, Outram (1898). "Some New Races of Birds from Eastern North America" (PDF). Auk. 15: 176–177 – via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive.
  19. ^ a b Pileated Woodpecker, Nature Works
  20. ^ Beal, F.E. (1895). Preliminary report on the food of Woodpeckers. United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. Bulletin No. 7. Government Printing Office. Washington, District of Columbia. p. 32.
  21. ^ Schardien, Bette J.; Jackson, Jeremy A. (1978). "Extensive Ground Foraging by Pileated Woodpeckers in Recently Burned Pine Forests". Mississippi Kite. 8 (1) – via Digital commons at the University of South Florida.
  22. ^ a b Kilham, Lawrence (1959). "Behavior and Methods of Communication of Pileated Woodpeckers" (PDF). Condor. 61 (6): 377–381 – via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive: University of New Mexico.
  23. ^ Hoyt, Sally F. (1957). "The Ecology of the Pileated Woodpecker". Ecology. 38 (2): 246–256. doi:10.2307/1931683. ISSN 0012-9658.
  24. ^ Bull, Evelyn L.; Meslow, E. Charles. 1988. Breeding biology of the pileated woodpecker—management implications. Res. Note PNW-RN-474. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 16 p
  25. ^ a b Kilham, Lawrence (1979). "Courtship and the Pair-Bond of Pileated Woodpeckers". The Auk. 96 (3): 587–594. ISSN 0004-8038.
  26. ^ Short, Lester L.; Sandström, George F. (1982). Woodpeckers of the World. Delaware Museum of Natural History Library. Greenville, Del. : Delaware Museum of Natural History ; Cinnaminson, NJ : Distributed worldwide by Foris Publications. ISBN 978-0-913176-05-4.
  27. ^ Pileated Woodpecker, Talk about Wildlife Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ a b Dennis, John V. (October 1964). "Woodpecker Damage to Utility Poles: With Special Reference to the Role of Territory and Resonance" (PDF). Bird-Banding. 35 (4): 227–229 – via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive: University of New Mexico.
  29. ^ Pileated Woodpecker, Canadian Biodiversity Web Site
  30. ^ "Pileated Woodpecker". Big Woods Conservation Partnership. Cornell University. 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  31. ^ Bull, E. L. and J. A. Jackson (2020). Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pilwoo.01
  32. ^ Casey, Linda I.; Earl, Julia E.; Johnson, Steve A. (2005). "Attempted predation at a pileated woodpecker nest by a gray ratsnake" (PDF). Florida Field Naturalist. 33 (2): 55–56 – via University of Florida Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation.
  33. ^ Carter, William A. (1974). "Pileated woodpeckers desert nest after an encounter with a black rat snake". Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society. 7: 7–8 – via Oklahoma State University Library.
  34. ^ "Pileated Woodpecker". Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  35. ^ Kilham, Lawrence (1976). "Winter Foraging and Associated Behavior of Pileated Woodpeckers in Georgia and Florida". The Auk. 93 (1): 15–24. ISSN 0004-8038.
  36. ^ Jorge A. Tomasevic, John M. Marzluff, Use of suburban landscapes by the Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), The Condor, Volume 120, Issue 4, 1 November 2018, Pages 727–738, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-17-171.1
  37. ^ Garcia, Evan (7 April 2016). "More Pileated Woodpeckers: Emerald Ash Borer or Healthier Habitat?". Chicago Tonight. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  38. ^ "Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus". Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  39. ^ "Woodpeckers and your home | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  40. ^ "Woody The Acorn (Not Pileated) Woodpecker". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
  41. ^ "Pileated Woodpecker". American Bird Conservancy. 29 May 2020.
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