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Legal thriller

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Legal Thrillers; where the courtroom is the arena. [1]

Legal thriller
Cultural originsUnited States of America[2]
FeaturesCourtroom,[3] equality,[4] justice,[4] lawyers[4] legal language,[5] social justice experience [6]
PopularityBritain, Australia, United States of America, Canada, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain [2]
FormatsBooks, television and films
AuthorsBrian Stevenson, Harper Lee, Scott Turow, John Grisham, Michael Connelly, Paul Levine Jilliane Hoffman, Mark Gimenez, Linda Fairstein, Marcia Clark, James Grippando, Vish Dhamija
Subgenres
Crime, thriller, mystery
Related genres
Suspense, horror
Related topics
Legal drama, social justice, films, novels, television
"Trial in the Courtroom" Concept Commonly Found Across Legal Thrillers

The legal thriller genre is a type of crime fiction genre that focuses on the proceedings of the investigation, with particular reference to the impacts on courtroom proceedings and the lives of characters.[3]

The genre came about in the 16th century with the publication of short stories and novels based on court cases taking place at the time. [7] Some of the novels were later adapted into early television series and film productions during the 1950s. [8]

Many legal professionals, including Scott Turow in Presumed Innocent and Harper Lee in To Kill a Mocking Bird, constitute the primary authorship of the genre-providing their own relevant experiences [9]

The legal thriller genre's courtroom proceedings and legal authorship are ubiquitous characteristics.[10] The genre features lawyers as legal professionals as the supreme hero. Their actions in the courtroom affect the quality of character's lives, as they determine innocence prevailing against injustice.[4]

Legal language is also another characteristic of the legal thriller in that it employs real life lawyer terminology, courtroom, and police procedures among characters. The television shows Suits and How to Get Away with Murder embody the legal thriller, characterized by episodes based on scenarios of legal proceedings similar to actual court scenarios.[11]

Novels, films, and television series such as To Kill a Mockingbird, How to Get Away with Murder, and Marshall have received nominated for awards such as the Pulitzer Prize and NAACP Image Award for their awareness of controversial topics such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, the death penalty. [12]The legal thriller genre has expanded to accomodate contemporary social themes while also preserving the general plot and actions of original legal thrillers.

Books

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Earliest Authors and Novels

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The earliest written version of legal thrillers came in the form of plays and stories printed in the newspaper date back to the mid-1550s. One of the first authors to bring into existence the legal thriller as a genre in the 1850s was Wilkie Collins. Collins learned from another writer who took an interest in the genre known as Charles Dickens. Among the first books Collins produced included The Woman in White and The Moonstone which was among the first novels to display the storyline of a legal thriller by incorporating the testimonies of various characters to show the storyline of a detective investigating a crime, finding a suspect innocent, and generating a storyline of suspense. In the 20th Century, one of the most popular authors in legal fiction came to be Melville Davisson Post. His style of plots were notoriously fast-paced yet easy to follow as seen in his novel Corpus Delicti where he showcases a calm, collected, intelligent lawyer who advises his clients to go to extreme lengths to defend his case.[13]

Cover of The Woman in White novel written by Wilkie Collins

Between the 1930s-1940s, author and active lawyer, Elre Stanley Gardner, wrote a series of novels that carried out the same proceedings of a legal thrillers as those in previous novels. In 1933, he wrote The Case of the Velvet Claws starring fictional lawyer, Perry Mason, who embarks on a journey of proving the innocence of clients that has been found guilty only to find that the cultprit was one of the witnesses all along.[14]

In 1958, author and former American judge, John D. Voelker wrote Anatomy of a Murder. The novel featured a lawyer named Paul Biegler who is in charge of defending a man accused of murdering someone to protect his wife. It became known for being one of the first most realistic legal thrillers for its thorough investigation and use of evidence to find the truth and defend an unlikable character.[15]

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The plot of contemporary legal thrillers take on similar tropes to that of early legal thriller novels whereby the protagonist (typically a lawyer) is depicted as the hero and the courtroom is established as the setting for the climax.[16]

GoodReads top five "Best Legal Thrillers" included A Time to Kill written by John Grisham , The Firm by Robin Waterfield, A Pitch for Justice by Harold Kasselman, The Street Lawyer by John Gisham, and The Dravidian by Kalyan Kankanala.[17]

The book A Time To Kill was about a white lawyer named Jake Bridge who is defending a black client Carl Lee Hailey after he was charged with capital murder for killing two white men that raped his daughter. After facing several setbacks outside the court with the family of the deceased, on the day of the verdict, the jury decided to extend an equal standard of justice and mercy to Carl after considering what the outcome would have been had he been white. [18]In A Pitch for Justice, veteran prosocuter, Jaime Brooks is asked to investigate the matter of a pitcher accused of murder for his legal throw against a player. The debate between the lawyers in the courtroom established the courtroom as the place where they would study the unwritten rules of baseball. [19]

Cover of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Two academically acclaimed legal thrillers that were made into films included Bryan Stevenson's memoir Just Mercy and the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The book Just Mercy details the life of a Bryan Stevenson who is set on correcting racial and social injustice through the Equal Justice Initiative.[20] The book To Kill a Mockingbird details a murder mystery novel that provides close analysis of court proceedings amidst a dark period of racial discrimination in the legal system.[21]

Major Authors and Their Books

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Major authors and books of this genre include the following:

Author Name of Book (year)
Bryan Stevenson Just Mercy (2004)
Harper Lee To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)
Scott Turow Presumed Innocent (1987)
John Grisham The Firm (1991)
Michael Connelly The Lincoln Lawyer (2005)
Linda Fairstein Final Jeopardy (1996)[22]
Paul Levine To Speak for the Dead (1990)[23]
Patrick Hoffman Every Man a Menace (2016)[24]
Vish Dhamija Doosra (2018)[25]
Jilliane Hoffman Retribution (2004)[26]
Mark Gimenez The Color of Law (2005)
Marcia Clark Guilt by Association (2011)
James Grippando The Pardon (1994)[27]
See also: Category:Legal thriller novels

Television

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The earliest legal drama began with the 1955 premiere of the popular American television show, "Perry Mason." This series follows the career of a criminal defense lawyer by the name of Perry Mason who deals with clients that had been wrongfully accused of murder. While Mason works on his defense of the client who is accused, detective Arthur Tragg and prosecuter, Hamilton Burger work together to build a case against Mason's client. During trial, Mason conducts his own investigation where he goes on to uncover illegal or morally incorrect behavior of those accusing the client. The show was central in introducing the theme of "moral ambiguity" referring to the moral conflicts that emerge in the plot of legal thrillers.[28]

Following Perry Mason's show was The Defenders (1961). It showcased a father and son lawyer duo named Lawrence Preston and Kenneth Preston who frequently found themselves taking on controversial cases such as abortion, capital punishment, insanity defense, and more.[29] In the episode, "The Benefactor," they were seen to be defending a doctor arrested by police for performing illegal abortion. The episode ended with doctor being found guilty for performing the abortion but the judge suspended his sentence. [30] When interviewed by The View Magazine regarding the themes covered by the show, screenwriter, Reginald Rose stated that "We're committed to controversy." [31]

Front Cover of "Law and Order" Television Series
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Social justice themes were prevalent within this show and police procedural elements in subsequent shows such as Arrest and Trial.[2] The development of these television shows led to the creation of the most famous TV shows of the 1990s, Law & Order. Different categories of legal thriller shows also developed, such as courtroom drama, ensemble shows, and police detective dramas.[2] The characters in these shows displayed ardent personality traits when investigating and dealing with complex legal issues of the justice system.[2]

In How To Get Away with Murder (2014) the series features a legal professional as the leading teacher and a group of law students who devise tactics to combat various criminal cases and murder mysteries.[32] There is a difficulty for characters to balance personal life and professional success as women, people of color and marginalized individuals in legal thriller television shows.

Australia, Denmark, and Poland import 62% of law and justice shows from the United States. Legal thriller television is mostly sourced from the American jurisdiction [2]

Australian legal thriller shows developed in the 1980s and 1990s covered both adjudication and punishment.[2] The television shows concerning adjudication and punishment consist of the soap opera, Carson's Law and SeaChange. Both shows feature female lawyers who experience prejudice from males in their legal careers.[2]

Thematic ideas of justice and equality are associated with the female lawyer protagonist's fight for change to break the glass ceiling.[33] The inequality of men and women prevalent in the set time of the 1920s contribute to these themes present. In 2014, Australian legal thrillers developed were limited, compared to previous years that are tabulated with "45%".[2]

In Britain, the most dominant form of legal thrillers are police and detective shows. Examples of these include the Dixon of Dock Green and The Sweeney. Women also played a role in these television shows as evident in Juliet Bravo and C.A.T.S. Eyes.[2] Courtroom drama in Britain featured the series Justice as a prominent show, where the courtroom drama played a big role in its characteristic of the legal thriller. As Britain has three legal systems, this distinction was made apparent in the television shows, also highlighting barristers and advocates in wigs as part of the show.[2]

As American shows dominate the legal thriller genre today, the characteristic of legal language has emerged. In the American legal drama Suits (2011), the series follows the career of a university expellee named Mike Ross, who is hired as a lawyers at Harvey Spector despite not having a license to practice law. The show features Mike Ross and other lawyers engage in various court proceedings throughout which they make their case using Latin and French legal terminology including terms such as "affidavit", "plaintiff", "defendant", "malfeasance", and "in lieu". [5]

Films

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Legal thriller films provide introspection into the life of a lawyer and legal professionals.

"Lincoln the Lawyer" a Representation of the Nature of Lawyers in Film

Within films, the central character is often engaged in professional work and experiences an obstacle that they have to overcome such as a client's case.[34] The character confronts problems with their personal life and work, as it is under threat by the complex case, creating and series of action and courtroom battles.[34]

The problems that characters face are evident within reviews of films such as The Judge, where family dynamics strain after a lawyer returns home for his mother's funeral.[35] Reviews from the New York Times comment on the film's transformation into a crime story, characteristic of the legal thriller. The film itself unfolds the legal thriller's ideal courtroom drama style. The film takes place in what is deemed as a "nostalgia-tinged town".[35] Further films such as The Lincoln Lawyer have also met similar reviews from Roger Ebert, commenting on the love of three elements in the film: courtroom scene, old cars, and tangled criminals.[36] The 2019 film, Dark Waters raises an ethical dilemma of lawyers often choosing sides within films, as the defense lawyer has to switch sides to defend a poisoned community. He risks his future, community, and life by dealing with the case, characteristic of the legal thriller.[37]

Film Examples

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The film Mangrove shows the inequalities and injustices prevalent through Britain's Caribbean history. Steve McQueen was the first black director of an Academy winning best picture with 12 Years a Slave.[38] The five-part anthology, featuring Mangrove as the first visualizes courtroom drama and heroism, characterizing the legal thriller genre.[38] McQueen made his film resemble a landmark of the civil rights trial against black activists.[39] The film uses the characteristics of the legal thriller genre through a powerhouse courtroom drama and focusing on racial justice.[40] The power divide between two opposing sides is intended to shape transformative victory, as audiences can learn about diversity.[40]

A Fall from Grace also features the challenge often taken by lawyers in legal thriller films.[41] For example, a young public defender has to handle the challenging case of a woman charged with murdering her husband. The film features elements of a conventional courtroom drama, such as the heroic lawyer, shady characters, and a law firm setting. Within the film, there are plot twist characteristics of the legal thriller genre.[41] Furthermore, the film Law has ample court scenes and features a character taking on the fight for justice.[42] The film defies the stereotypical expectations of women through featuring the main character as a woman who wants to speak openly about gang rape victimization.[42]

The recognition of injustice is another emerging aspect of legal thriller films.[43] Marshall is another example of a legal thriller film, where the lawyer is feature as the main character, traveling the country on behalf of the NAACP to defend black men who are accused of crimes.[44] The film features a courtroom scene where violence occurs in retrieving the confession of a client and the difficulty to obtain the truth. As a film review reveals, flashbacks are used as a key film technique to craft outrage.[45] The courtroom scenes are considered suspenseful and the setting of the 1940s shows a stage where people threw a facade with fake costumes and bright lights. Racism is exposed as a critical social justice issue explored where the truth demands a voice.[45]

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Summaries:

Year Name Language
1959 Anatomy of a Murder English
1985 Jagged Edge English
1987 Suspect English
1989 True Believer[46] English
1990 Presumed Innocent English
1990 Mounam Sammadhan Tamil
1992 A Few Good Men English
1993 The Firm English
1993 The Pelican Brief English
1993 Guilty as Sin English
1994 The Client English
1996 Primal Fear English
1996 A Time To Kill English
1997 The Devil's Advocate English
1997 The Rainmaker English
1998 A Civil Action English
1998 Shadow of Doubt English
2002 High Crimes English
2003 Runaway Jury English
2004 Reversible Errors[47] English
2007 Michael Clayton English
2007 Fracture English
2009 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt[48] English
2011 The Lincoln Lawyer English
2013 Silence Malayalam
2014 The Judge English
2016 Manithan Tamil
2017 The Third Murder Japanese
2017 Marshall English
2019 Section 375 Hindi
2019 Dark Waters English
2019 Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil, and Vile English
2020 Nabab LLB Bangla
2020 A Fall from Grace English
2020 The Trial of the Chicago 7 English
2020 Law Kannada
2020 Mangrove English
2020 Worth English
2021 Jai Bhim Tamil

Impact of Genre

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Novels

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Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird sold worldwide and won numerous awards incliding the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. The novel was also translated into a film for which it received nominations in various categories such as best actress, music and cinematography and won the 1963 Oscars. It has impacted schools by becoming a part of the syllabus reading list for learning, as it addresses timeless concepts of racism and social injustice relevant to America.[49]

Scott Turow's novel Presumed Innocent was an explosive bestseller in 1987. His story introduced the sub-genre of the legal thriller by incorporating aspects of the criminal trial process. The core inspiration of Turow's work is examining a witness during a trial, the story stemming from the lawyer's own experiences.[50]

Legal thriller books instigate the need for equality. The National Public Radio provides coverage of the legal thriller memoir, Just Mercy. Brian Stevenson provides insight into shaping the need for equality within America, as there have been a hundred years of supremacism and violence against black people in America.[51]

The film, Just Mercy, raises the themes of equality and justice for the racial injustice against black African Americans in the United States of America.[6] It has introduced the social issue of the death penalty, as American people disapproved of it after watching the film. The legal thriller enlightens hope that complex social issues such as the death penalty have the potential to change.[6]

Television

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Early legal thriller television shows reflected the plots of novels. Over time, they came to encompass the contemporary social themes and language that makes up legal court proceedings.

In 1955, the television show How to Get Away with Murder received the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Drama for its excellence in depicting LGBTQ characters and themes. In 2019 it was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Drama Series for its representation of lawyers of color. [52]

The show Suits, received numerous awards for its actors including the Outsanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series award and Favorite TV Actress Supporting Role in 2012. [53]The show namely consists of plot that much like the early series, The Defenders covered controversial themes of racial inequity and the corrupt nature of pursuing power and wealth in America. [54]

Film

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The film, Marshall was based on the history of a lawyer named Marshall who created the NAACP Legal Defence Fund.He was devoted to identifying cases that would change history.[55] The film has made a significant impact on audiences, as it has a turned a real-life hero to the all-time star of a courtroom drama.[56] This is revealed in a film review, where it states the legal thriller has a created a real-life superhero for audiences to gain inspiration. Furthermore, using the idealistic approach of a young lawyer makes a compelling courtroom drama.[56] The elements of historical racism embedded within the film dates back to the 1950s and has created a riveting, touching tale on audiences.[57]

Throughout the popular culture of legal thriller films, there have been variations in the character representations of lawyers. The character representation of lawyers affects audiences both negatively and positively.[58] The positive impact is the level of heroism performed by lawyers in saving their client's case. Negative representations are associated with the representation of lawyers as villains and distrustful. The representations reflect lawyers declining after the American Revolution.[59] As many films, novels, and shows are produced within the genre, audiences can choose the images of the lawyer that they like.[60] The process of revealing these images is through showing the beginning action, the action itself and the consequences of the lawyer's actions.[61]

Conclusion

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Furthermore, the legal thriller genre has had an expansive impact in the field of literature, film, and television. From its early exploration of social justice through novels such as Presumed Innocent and To Kill a Mockingbird to its influence on contemporary media such as Suits and How to Get Away with Murder, the genre has not only entertained but also educated audiences on legal intricacies and the moral dilemmas experienced in the courtroom. In producing a scene that blends suspense, legal expertise, and social commentary, to address themes justice, ethics, and societal change.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "What is a Legal Thriller? 7 Tips for Captivating Readers". self-publishingschool.com. 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Robson, Peter; Schulz, Jennifer (27 January 2017). A Transnational Study of Law and Justice on TV. Oxford: Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-50990-571-3. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b Sauerberg, Lars Ole (2016). The legal thriller from Gardner to Grisham: see you in court!. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-40730-6_1. ISBN 978-1-137-40730-6. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d White, Terry (2003). Justice Denoted: The Legal Thriller in American, British, and Continental courtroom literature. United Kingdom: Praeger Publishers. pp. 18–23. ISBN 978-0-313-05257-6. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  5. ^ a b Stefanie, Nerz. "Legal Language in the American TV Series "Suits": A Lexicological Analysis". Academia. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  6. ^ a b c Walsh, Colleen. "Just Mercy' in the criminal justice system". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  7. ^ "Drama in the Court: A Brief History of the Legal Thriller". CrimeReads. 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
  8. ^ wildremuda (2023-09-15). "PERRY MASON: NOIR PIONEER IN LEGAL THRILLERS by Manning Wolfe". website. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
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  18. ^ A Time to Kill (1996) - Plot - IMDb. Retrieved 2025-03-04 – via www.imdb.com.
  19. ^ "A Pitch for Justice". Goodreads. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
  20. ^ "Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson | Bestselling Book and Adapted Film". Just Mercy. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  21. ^ Nazki, Dr Sameeul Haq (2024-06-27). "Law and Literature: To Kill a Mockingbird as a Legal Thriller". Journal of Legal Subjects. 4 (04): 1–11. doi:10.55529/jls.44.1.11. ISSN 2815-097X.
  22. ^ Fairstein, Linda A. (1997). Final Jeopardy. An Alexandra Cooper Novel Ser. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-01012-6.
  23. ^ "To Speak for the Dead (Jake Lassiter #1)". Goodreads. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  24. ^ Hoffman, Patrick (2016). Every man a menace. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-2544-6. OCLC 939426689.
  25. ^ "Doosra: The Other One (The Rita Ferriera Series)". Goodreads. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  26. ^ "Retribution (C.J. Townsend #1)". Goodreads. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  27. ^ "The Pardon (Jack Swyteck, #1)". Goodreads. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  28. ^ wildremuda (2023-09-15). "PERRY MASON: NOIR PIONEER IN LEGAL THRILLERS by Manning Wolfe". website. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
  29. ^ "Defenders, The". Television Academy Interviews. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  30. ^ Petrie, Daniel (1962-04-28), "The Benefactor", The Defenders, E. G. Marshall, Robert Reed, Robert F. Simon, retrieved 2025-03-03
  31. ^ "Defenders, The". Television Academy Interviews. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  32. ^ Banner, Adam (15 October 2018). "How to Get Away with Murder' takes a somewhat realistic look at law school and legal employment". ABA Journal: Law in popular culture. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  33. ^ A.Cotter, David (2001). "The Glass Ceiling Effect". Social Forces. 80 (2): 655–681. doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0091. S2CID 145245044.
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  36. ^ Ebert, Roger. "His chauffeur chases ambulances". Roger Ebert. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  37. ^ Dargis, Manohla (21 November 2019). "'Dark Waters' Review: The Killing Fields of West Virginia". The New York Times.
  38. ^ a b Jones, Ellen (15 November 2020). "Small Axe review – Steve McQueen triumphs with tales of Britain's Caribbean history". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  39. ^ Debruge, Peter (25 September 2020). "'Mangrove' Review: Steve McQueen's British Courtroom Drama Does Justice to a Landmark Case Against Black Activists". Variety. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  40. ^ a b Daniels, Robert. "'Mangrove': Revolution Sparks In Steve McQueen's Uplifting 'Small Axe' Courtroom Drama [NYFF Review]". The Playlist.
  41. ^ a b Tisdale, Jerrica (26 January 2020). "Tyler Perry's A Fall From Grace Ending Explained: What Just Happened?". Cinema Blend.
  42. ^ a b Suresh, Sunayana. "Law Movie Review: A revenge drama served a tad lukewarm". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  43. ^ Scherstuhl, Alan (11 October 2017). "Marshall Makes a Likable Legal Thriller From the Real Life of Thurgood Marshall". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  44. ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The True Story Behind "Marshall"". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  45. ^ a b Scherstuhl, Alan (11 October 2017). "Marshall Makes a Likable Legal Thriller From the Real Life of Thurgood Marshall". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  46. ^ True Believer (1989) - Joseph Ruben | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2024-01-05
  47. ^ Reversible Errors (2004) - Mike Robe | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2024-01-05
  48. ^ Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (2009) - Peter Hyams | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2024-01-05
  49. ^ Shapiro, Emily. "Harper Lee: The impact of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'". ABC News. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  50. ^ Bourne, Michael (4 December 2013). "The Last Influence of Scott Turow's "Presumed Innocent"". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  51. ^ Gross, Terry. "Just Mercy' Attorney Asks U.S to Reckon With Its Racist Past and Present". National Public Radio. National Public Radio. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  52. ^ How to Get Away with Murder (TV Series 2014–2020) - Awards - IMDb. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via www.imdb.com.
  53. ^ Suits (TV Series 2011–2019) - Awards - IMDb. Retrieved 2025-03-05 – via www.imdb.com.
  54. ^ "'Suits' Is the Most Reliable Hit on TV. Why Isn't Anyone Talking About It?". Esquire. 2017-09-14. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  55. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian. "The True Story Behind "Marshall"". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2024-12-21. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  56. ^ a b Hassenger, Jesse (14 October 2017). "Marshall turns a real-life hero into the lead of a pretty good courtroom drama". AV Club. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  57. ^ Scherstuhl, Alan. "Marshall Makes a Likable Legal Thriller From the Real Life of Thurgood Marshall". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  58. ^ Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. "Can They Do That? Legal Ethics in Popular Culture: Of Characters and Acts" (PDF). Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  59. ^ Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. "Can They Do That? Legal Ethics in Popular Culture: Of Characters and Acts" (PDF). Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  60. ^ Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. "Can They Do That? Legal Ethics in Popular Culture: Of Characters and Acts" (PDF). Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  61. ^ Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. "Can They Do That? Legal Ethics in Popular Culture: Of Characters and Acts" (PDF). Georgetown University Law Center. Retrieved 17 May 2021.

Further reading

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